Appendix 2: Types of Activities that Pose a Threat to Source Water Quality

Table 4: Land use categories, main groups of contaminants associated with that land use and typical contaminant pathways

Land use category	Land use sub-category	Main groups of contaminants typically associated with land use	Pathways from land use to aquifer
1. Agriculture	1.1 Arable - irrigated (includes orchards)	Pesticides Fertilisers Nitrate TPH	Rainfall recharge and irrigation via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Bores as direct pathway
	1.2 Arable - non-irrigated (includes orchards)	Pesticides Fertilisers Nitrate TPH	Rainfall recharge via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Bores as direct pathway
	1.3 Dairying - irrigated - feedlot	Animal waste: nitrates, phosphates, chloride; pathogens include: bacteria, cryptosporidium, viruses (coliform bacteria are indicators of risk of pathogens being present) Pesticide dips and drenches Fertilisers Silage leachate	Rainfall recharge and irrigation via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Bores as direct pathway Yard runoff to surface water or groundwater Dip runoff to surface water or groundwater
	1.4 Dairying - non-irrigated - feedlot	Animal waste: nitrates, phosphates, chloride; pathogens include: bacteria, cryptosporidium, viruses (coliform bacteria are indicators of risk of pathogens being present) Pesticide dips and drenches Fertilisers Silage leachate TPH	Rainfall recharge via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Bores as direct pathway Yard runoff to surface water or groundwater Dip runoff to surface water or groundwater
	1.5 Other pastoral - irrigated	Animal waste: nitrates, phosphates, chloride; pathogens include: bacteria, cryptosporidium, viruses (coliform bacteria are indicators of risk of pathogens being present) Silage leachate Fertilisers Pesticide dips and drenches TPH	Rainfall recharge and irrigation via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Bores as direct pathway
	1.6 Other pastoral - non-irrigated	Animal waste: nitrates, phosphates, chloride; pathogens include: bacteria, cryptosporidium, viruses (coliform bacteria are indicators of risk of pathogens being present) Silage leachate Fertilisers Pesticide dips and drenches TPH	Rainfall recharge via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Bores as direct pathway Yard runoff to surface water or groundwater Dip runoff to surface water or groundwater
2. Forestry	2.1 Forestry - irrigated	Sewage sludge Pesticides Fertilisers TPH	Rainfall recharge and irrigation via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
2. Forestry	2.2 Forestry - non-irrigated	Sewage sludge Pesticides Fertilisers TPH	Rainfall recharge and irrigation via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
3. Mining and quarrying	3.1 Mining, quarrying, concrete works	Petroleum products (truck, loader and screener fuels) Acid mine drainage	AST leakage, vehicle leakage, rainfall infiltration direct to unsaturated zone, water table
4. Industry and commerce	4.1 Heavy industry and 4.2 Light industry	Foundries: acids, metals, fluxes	Tank leakage, spills, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table, storm water runoff into surface water or soil
		Brewing: detergents, effluents with high BOD, low pH
		Ceramics: glaze materials
		Cold storage: ammonia, CFC, HFC
		Drum reconditioning: assorted organic and inorganic chemicals, degreasers, detergents, paint
		Electronics: alkalis, acids, cyanides, oils, metal sludges, methylene chloride, tetrachloroethylene, trichloroethane, acetone, toluene, PCB
		Fertiliser/agricultural chemical production: superphosphate, ammonium nitrate, urea, pesticides
		Fish processing: high BOD waste
		Furniture: paints, toluene, methylene chloride, degreasing sludges
		Meat and milk processing: high BOD waste, nitrate, pathogens
		Metal cleaning/electroplating: acids, alkalis, cyanide, metallic (Cr) salts, organic solvents, emulsifying agents, surfactants, EDTA, gluconates, antimony trichloride
		Paper making: chlorate, chlorine, caustic soda, sulphuric acid, hormone mimics	Discharge of endocrine disruptors to surface water
		Pesticide manufacture and storage: pesticides
		Printing: solvents, inks, dyes, oils, organics, miscellaneous chemicals
		Product storage: fumigants
		Resins: formaldehyde, urea, miscellaneous organic acids, esters, amines and peroxides
		Rubbers and plastics creation and moulding: organic solvents, oils, organic and inorganic materials (Zn), paint wastes, cyanides, acids, alkalis, sludges, esters, surfactants, glycols, phenols, formaldehyde, peroxides
		Tanning: Cr salts, lime, sulphuric acid
		Wood processing: pentachlorophenol PCP, boron, TBTO, CCA, paint sludges, solvents, creosote	Stormwater contamination, groundwater contamination
		Wool scouring: detergents, grease	Stormwater contamination, groundwater contamination
	4.3 Commercial and community	Car wash: soaps, detergents, waxes	Tank leakage, spills, stormwater runoff to surface water, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
		Cemetery: formaldehyde, lawn maintenance chemicals, lead, mercury
		Defence establishments: disinfectants, human wastes
		Dry cleaning: tetrachloroethylene, petroleum solvents, trichloroethane, ammonia, phosphoric/hydrochloric acid
		Hospital: x-ray photographic, infectious, radiological, biological wastes, disinfectants, acids, formaldehyde, miscellaneous chemicals
		Laboratory - school, medical, research: biological wastes, disinfectants, acids, formaldehyde, miscellaneous chemicals
		Laundromat: detergents, bleaches, fabric dyes
		Offices: detergents, solvents
		Photo processing: cyanides, amines, biosludge, silver sludge
		Prisons: disinfectants, human wastes
		Scrap yards: petroleum products, ethylene glycol, PCB, lead, acids, CFC
		Swimming pool: chemical conditioners, human waste
	4.4 Transport, storage, utilities	Airport: petroleum products, fire foam (AFFF), deicer (isopropyl alcohol), chlorinated solvent	Tank leakage, spills, stormwater runoff, infiltration into soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
		Electricity: transformer oil, pole preserver
		Fuel storage and sale: petroleum products
		Railway spills: everything
		Road metal: asphalt
		Road transport spills: everything
		Sewer pipe fracture/sewage plant failure/faulty infiltration basin
		Transport - auto/boat repair: petroleum products, paint, cellulose thinner, ethylene glycol, waxes, tributyl tin
		Tyre storage: hydrocarbons, PAHs
5. Open Space	5.1 Open space (used)	Car parks: Petroleum products	TPH in stormwater runoff
		Clay target clubs: lead shot	Dissolution of disseminated lead shot in soil, rainfall infiltration via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
		Golf courses: pesticides, fertilisers, petroleum products	Spills, and rainfall infiltration via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
		Recreational parks: petroleum products, herbicides, fertilisers	Spills, and rainfall infiltration via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
		Sports fields: petroleum products, herbicides, fertilisers	Spills, and rainfall infiltration via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
		Stormwater runoff/spills: bacteria, petroleum products, heavy metals, herbicides, fertilisers, pesticides, swimming pool conditioners	Spills, and rainfall infiltration via soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
6. Residential	6.1 Urban residential	Household waste: paint, solvent, phosphate, bleach, photographic chemicals, pesticides, detergents, petroleum products, animal waste	Spills, stormwater runoff, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table, leaky sewer reticulation
	6.2 Lifestyle block	Household waste: paint, solvent, phosphate, bleach, photographic chemicals, pesticides, detergents, petroleum products, swimming pool conditioners, animal waste	Spills, stormwater runoff, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table, leaky sewer reticulation
	6.3 Rural	Household waste: paint, solvent, phosphate, bleach, photographic chemicals, pesticides, detergents, petroleum products, swimming pool conditioners UST: petrol/diesel Well use: siphoning of materials down to groundwater	Spills, stormwater runoff, septic field, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table Siphoning into groundwater via a well
7. Vacant	7.1 Vacant (disused farmland, building sites)	Illegal dumping: petroleum products, paints, and so on; disused USTs	Spills, stormwater runoff, septic field, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
8. Landfill	8.1 - disused landfills - current landfills	Landfill: human wastes, TPH, nitrates, phosphates, reducing/acid/alkaline leachate, vinyl chloride, CFC, iron, manganese, hardness, chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons, PAHs, chloride, sulphate, ammonia	Spills, leakage, stormwater runoff, leachate, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
9. Fishing	9.1 Onshore aquaculture	Faecal matter, nitrogen, phosphorus, pesticides, BOD	Tank leakage, on-land waste disposal, soil, unsaturated aquifer, water table
10. Conservation land	10.1 National park	Natural coliforms, including animal faecal matter	Surface water runoff, groundwater

Notes for interpretation of table

Land use activities are considered to be the dominating potential source of surface water and groundwater contamination. These activities have been redistributed into land use groups corresponding to those recognised by Land Information New Zealand and Quotable Value New Zealand. They also allow distinction of land uses into groups characterised by families of potential biological and chemical contaminants. The land use codes have been grouped in this report according to an assessment of the contaminants they could potentially release. For example, non-irrigated and irrigated arable farming land uses have similar practices and materials; however, it is commonly recognised that the ability of potential contaminants to reach the water table is increased under irrigation. Similar logic has been used to separate out or aggregate the various other land uses in the table.

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