Archived publication

This publication is no longer current or has been superseded.

Appendix 6: Other Manufacturing Industries

This appendix contains information on the manufacturing industries that were researched in the What’s in your waste? report. The industries include electroplating and fertiliser manufacturing

A6.1 Electroplating and metal finishing
ANZSIC Code: C276400

Process Waste stream Type of waste Waste constituent Current management practices
(best management practice in bold) 		New Zealand Waste List entry
(* waste should be treated as hazardous)
Alkaline cleaning Solution builders Liquid Alkali carbonates, alkali hydroxides Heavy metal treatment, pacified, disposed to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent

Heavy metal treatment, pacified, solidified, landfilled 		11 01 07*
Pickling bases
Solution additives Liquid Organic and inorganic additives At the time of disposal there are part of the total bath make-up and treated as above. All goes to waste collector. 11 01 99
Wastes from chemical surface treatment ...
Wastes not otherwise specified
Surfactants Liquid Kerylbenzene sulphonate As above
Acid cleaning Waste acid Liquid Sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, nitric acid Disposal/heavy metal treatment by waste collector 11 01 05*
Pickling acids
Anodising Anodising waste Liquid Chromic acid, sulphuric acid, boric-sulphuric acid Heavy metal treatment, pacified, disposed to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent

Heavy metal treatment, pacified, solidified, landfilled 		11 01 06*
Acids not otherwise specified
Sealants Liquid Chromic acid, nickel acetate, nickel-cobalt acetate 11 01 98*
Wastes from chemical surface treatment ...
Other wastes containing hazardous substances
Chemical conversion coating Chromating wastes Liquid Hexavalent chromium Hexavalent chromium reduced to trivalent chromium

Wastewater pre-treated on site 		11 01 98*
Wastes from chemical surface treatment ...
Other wastes containing hazardous substances
Sludge Base metals, chrome Treated for heavy metals, landfilled 11 01 09*
Sludges and filter cakes containing hazardous substances
Phosphating wastes Sludge/ spent solution Phosphate salts, phosphoric acid, base metals, other reagents Treated for heavy metals, landfilled 11 01 08*
Phosphate sludges
Passivating wastes Liquid Nitric acid, sodium dichromate Treated for heavy metals, landfilled 11 01 06*
Acids not otherwise specified
Electroplating Wastewater Liquid/ spent solutions Sodium cyanide, potassium cyanide Waste is collected and treated off-site 11 01 98*
Wastes from chemical surface treatment ...

Other wastes containing hazardous substances
Sludge Treated for heavy metals, landfilled 11 01 09*
Sludges and filter cakes containing hazardous substances
Electroless plating Plating solution Liquid Buffer, complexing agent, metal salts, reducer, cyanide compounds Treated for heavy metals, landfilled 11 01 98*
Wastes from chemical surface treatment ...

Other wastes containing hazardous substances
Sludges Treated for heavy metals, landfilled 11 01 09*
Sludges and filter cakes containing hazardous substances
Painting/ powder coating Waste paint Liquid Acrylic, enamel, isocyanate based paints, basecoats Solidified, landfilled 08 01 11*
Waste paint and varnish containing organic solvents or other hazardous substances
Waste powders Solid   Landfilled

Recovered on site
Etching Etching solutions Liquid Ammonium persulphate, chromic acid Waste is collected and treated off-site 11 01 98*
Wastes from chemical surface treatment ...
Other wastes containing hazardous substances

Industry contacts

ChemWaste Industries Ltd, 10 Barton Street, Woolston

Professional Plating Services, 41 Coleridge Street, Christchurch

A6.2 Aluminium production
ANZSIC Code: C272200

Process Waste stream Type of waste Waste constituent Current management practices
(best management practice in bold) 		New Zealand Waste List entry
(* waste should be treated as hazardous)
Primary production
Forming Cooling water Liquid Biocides, particulate, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) Recycled, but has some bleed-off to storm water 10 03 28
Wastes from cooling-water treatment other than those mentioned in 10 03 27*
Anode scraps Solid Carbon, PAH Recycled 10 03 02
Anode scraps
Tarry wastes Solid Carbon, PAH Off-site recycling 10 03 17*
Tar containing wastes from anode manufacture
Baking Carbon dusts Solid Carbon Recycled 10 03 18
Carbon-containing wastes from anode manufacture other than those mentioned in 10 03 17*
Waste furnace lining Solid Used refractory Off-site recycling 16 11 04
Other linings and refractories from metallurgical processes other than those mentioned in 16 11 03*
Anode scraps Solid Carbon Recycled 10 03 02
Anode scraps
Rodding Cooling water Liquid Biocides Recycled with some bleed-off to stormwater 10 03 28
Wastes from cooling-water treatment other than those mentioned in 10 03 27*

16 10 01*
Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances
Carbon dust, anode butts Solid Carbon Recycled 10 03 18
Carbon-containing wastes from anode manufacture other than those mentioned in 10 03 17*
Bath wastes Solid Fluorides Recycled 10 03 99
Wastes from aluminium thermal metallurgy

Wastes not otherwise specified
Reduction Spent cell lining Solid Carbon, fluorides Stored 16 11 01*
Carbon-based linings and refractories from metallurgical processes containing hazardous substances
Casting Cooling water Liquid Biocides Intercepted, oil separated, discharge of water to stormwater if in accordance with resource consent

Oil recycled off-site 		10 03 28
Wastes from cooling-water treatment other than those mentioned in 10 03 27*

16 10 01*
Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances
Used oil Liquid Oil 10 03 27*
Wastes from cooling-water treatment containing oil
Processing fines Solid Aluminium, aluminium oxide, fluorides Landfilled 10 03 04*
Primary production slags
Non-cast aluminium Solid Aluminium powder, fluorides Off-site recycling 10 03 04*
Primary production slags
Waste furnace lining Solid Used refractory Landfilled 16 11 04
Other linings and refractories from metallurgical processes other than those mentioned in 16 11 03*
General operations Non-ferrous metal waste Solid Primarily iron Off-site recycling 10 03 99
Wastes from aluminium thermal metallurgy

Wastes not otherwise specified
Baghouse bags Solid Polyester Landfilled 10 03 99
Wastes from aluminium thermal metallurgy

Wastes not otherwise specified
Used oil Liquid Oil Off-site recycling 13 05 06*
Oil from oil/water separators
Oily water Liquid Oil Recycled 16 10 01*
Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances
Paper and cardboard Solid Paper, cardboard Paper disposed of to off-site landfill

Cardboard recycled off-site 		15 01 01
Paper and cardboard packaging
Insulation material Solid Asbestos Contained and disposed of to landfill 17 06 01*
Insulation materials containing asbestos
Secondary production
Furnace heating Aluminium dross Solid Aluminium nitride, aluminium carbide, aluminium powder, aluminium oxide Treated through off-site ball milling and sieving

Resources recovered and disposed of to controlled landfill 		10 03 09*
Black dross from secondary production

10 03 15*
Skimmings that are flammable or emit, upon contact with water, flammable gases in hazardous quantities
Salt cake Solid Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, aluminium oxide, aluminium Disposed of to a controlled landfill 10 03 08*
Salt slags from secondary production
Bag House dust Solid Sodium chloride, potassium chloride, zinc, lead, copper, calcium carbonate, aluminium oxide Stabilised and landfilled 10 03 21*
Other particulates and dust (including ball-mill dust) containing hazardous substances
Cooling Water Liquid Biocides Recycled and discharged to sewer if in accordance with a trade waste consent 16 10 01*
Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances.
Casting Oily water Liquid Hydrocarbons Treated through interceptors and discharged to sewer if in accordance with a trade waste consent 10 03 27*
Wastes from cooling-water treatment containing oil.
Use of wash water Waste oil Liquid Hydraulic and lubricating oils Recovered and collected as part of the Used Oil Recovery Programme 13 02 04*–13 02 08*
Waste engine, gear, and lubricating oils

13 01 01*–13 01 13*
Waste hydraulic oils

A6.3 Steel milling
ANZSIC Code: C275900

Process Waste stream Type of waste Waste constituent Current management practices
(best management practice in bold) 		New Zealand Waste List entry
(* waste should be treated as hazardous)
Skin pass Waste drums Solid Steel drums Drums washed and recycled

Wash water treated as contact water 		15 01 04
Metallic packaging
Roll shop operations Kerosene Liquid Petroleum based hydrocarbons Collected and combusted on-site 12 01 07*
Mineral-based machining oils free of halogens (except emulsions and solutions)
Used grinding wheels Solid Used grinding wheels Landfilled 12 01 21
Spent grinding bodies and grinding materials other than those mentioned in 12 01 20*
Waste oil Liquid Petroleum based hydrocarbons Collected and recycled 12 01 07*
Mineral-based machining oils free of halogens (except emulsions and solutions)
Grindings Solid Scrap steel, silicon, oil Landfilled 12 01 02
Ferrous metal dust and particles
Roll packaging Solid Corrugated cardboard, strapping, timber, plastic Landfilled 15 01 01–15 01 03
Paper, cardboard, plastic and wooden packaging
Turnings Solid Steel Landfilled 12 01 01
Ferrous metal filings and turnings
Grinder coolants Liquid Water oil emulsion Collected by an off-site contactor

Discharged to sewer if meets trade waste consent 		12 01 09*
Machining emulsions and solutions free of halogens
Shot blaster grit Solid Grit Landfilled 12 01 17
Waste blasting material other than those mentioned in 12 01 16
Rolling mill utilities Temper fluid Liquid Temper fluid, water Evaporated on drying beds 16 10 01*
Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances
Tallow based waste oil Liquid Waste oil Collected by off-site contractor, used for boiler fuel 12 01 10*
Readily biodegradable machining oil
DAF thickener Sludge   Dried on on-site drying beds and landfilled 19 08 14
Sludges from other treatment of industrial wastewater other than those mentioned in 19 08 13
Mill scale Solid Scale Vanadium is recovered and mill scales recycled 10 02 10
Mill scales
Mineral oils Liquid Oil Collected and disposed of through the Used Oil Recovery Programme 12 01 07*
Mineral-based machining oils free of halogens (except emulsions and solutions)
Hot rolling Primary scale Solid Steel Recycled 10 02 10
Mill scales
Furnace entry scale Solid Iron, dust, sand, pebbles Landfilled 12 01 02
Ferrous metal dust and particles
Reheat furnace scale Solid Steel Water blasted and recycled

Landfilled 		10 02 10
Mill scales
Hot mill cellar oily waste Liquid Oil and water Collected by waste contractor and discharged to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent 12 01 09*
Machining emulsions and solutions free of halogens
Cold rolling Ferrous oxide Solid Ferrous oxide Landfilled 12 01 99
Wastes from shaping and physical and mechanical surface treatment of metals and plastics

Wastes not otherwise specified
Pipe fabrication Pickling waste Liquid Hydrochloric acid Neutralised on site and discharged to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent 06 01 02*
Hydrochloric acid
Emulsion and mill scale Liquid Oily emulsion, mill scale Dried on on-site drying beds, then disposed to landfill 12 01 09*
Machining emulsions and solutions free of halogens
Sodium dichromate waste Liquid Water, sodium dichromate waste Off-site reduction and precipitation

Discharged to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent 		16 09 02*
Chromates, e.g. potassium chromate, potassium or sodium dichromate
Bottom dross Solid Iron Collected for metal recovery by off-site contractor 12 01 99
Wastes from shaping and physical and mechanical surface treatment of metals and plastics

Wastes not otherwise specified
Zinc dust Solid Zinc Collected for metal recovery by off-site contractor New code – to be confirmed
Zinc sludge Sludge Zinc Treated by on-site centrifugation, dried and landfilled 12 01 14*
Machining sludges containing hazardous substances
General operations Scrap steel, scrap steel rods, steel sheet scrap, cobbles and abort materials, steel crops Solid Steel Recycled 10 02 99
Wastes from iron and steel industry

Wastes not otherwise specified

A6.4 Wood processing
ANZSIC Code: C232900

Process Waste stream Type of waste Waste constituent Current management practices
(best management practice in bold) 		New Zealand Waste List entry
(* waste should be treated as hazardous)
Pressure treatment Packaging waste Solid Drums, paper bags, plastic (except PVC).

May contain copper, chromium, arsenic, boron, tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8-hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents 		Drums washed and recycled and wash water treated as contact water

Paper and plastic incinerated in accordance with landfill acceptance criteria 		15 01 09*
Packaging containing residues of or contaminated by hazardous substances
Sludge Sludge Copper, chromium, arsenic, boron Dewatered, stabilised and landfilled New code – to be confirmed
Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8-hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents Chemically oxidised, stabilised and solidified and landfilled
Offcut waste Solid Offcuts and sawdust, containing copper, chromium, arsenic, boron, tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8-hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents Incinerated (see footnote 1) or landfilled if in accordance with landfill acceptance criteria 03 01 04*
Sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer containing hazardous substances
Contact water Liquid Copper, chromium, arsenic pH adjustment, precipitated and disposed of to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent 16 10 01*
Aqueous wastes destined for off-site treatment

Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances
Boron pH adjustment, crystallisation, filtration and disposal to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent
Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8- hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents Chemical oxidation stabilisation, and solidification, then disposed of to landfill
Vapour treatment Packaging waste Solid Drums, paper bags, plastic (except PVC)

Contain boron 		Drums washed and recycled wash water treated as contact water

Paper and plastic incinerated in accordance with landfill acceptance criteria 		15 01 09*
Packaging containing residues of or contaminated by hazardous substances
Sludge Sludge Boron Dewatered, stabilised and landfilled New code – to be confirmed
Offcut waste Solid Offcuts and sawdust, containing boron Incinerated or landfilled if in accordance with landfill acceptance criteria 03 01 04*
Sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer containing hazardous substances
Contact water Liquid Boron pH adjustment, precipitated and disposed of to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent 16 10 01*
Aqueous wastes destined for off-site treatment

Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances
Diffusion treatment Packaging waste Solid Drums, paper bags, plastic (except PVC).

Contains tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8- hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents 		Drums washed and recycled, wash water treated as contact water

Paper and plastic incinerated in accordance with landfill acceptance criteria 		15 01 09*
Packaging containing residues of or contaminated by hazardous substances
Sludge Sludge Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8- hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents Dewatered, stabilised and landfilled New code – to be confirmed
  Offcut waste Solid Offcuts and sawdust, containing tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8- hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents Incinerated or landfilled if meets landfill acceptance criteria 03 01 04*
Sawdust, shavings, cuttings, wood, particle board and veneer containing hazardous substances
Contact water Liquid Tri-n-butyl tin oxide, tri-n-butyl tin naphthenate, copper naphthenate, copper-8- hydroxyquinolate, insecticides, solvents pH adjustment, precipitated and disposed of to sewer if in accordance with trade waste consent 16 10 01*
Aqueous wastes destined for off-site treatment

Aqueous liquid wastes containing hazardous substances

 

1 Incineration of treated timber is not recommended. The Ministry for the Environment is proposing an action plan to reduce the amount of dioxin discharged into the air which will ban the burning of treated timber. It is also banned under some regional air plans.

A6.5 Petroleum refining
ANZSIC Code: C251000

Process Waste stream Type of waste Waste constituent Current management practices
(best management practice in bold) 		New Zealand Waste List entry
(* waste should be treated as hazardous)
Material transfer and storage Leaked and spilt raw materials Solid/ liquid Hydrocarbons Remediation by contractor and landfilled 05 01 05*
Oil spills

19 13 01*
Solid wastes from soil remediation containing hazardous substances

19 13 07*
Aqueous liquid wastes and aqueous concentrates from groundwater remediation containing hazardous substances
Solid Cleaning cloths 15 02 02*
Absorbents ... wiping cloths ... contaminated by hazardous substances
Storage tank sludges Sludge Hydrocarbons Stabilised and landfilled 05 01 03*
Tank bottom sludges
Cracking Waste coke Solid Carbon Collected, recovered and recycled 05 01 99
Wastes from petroleum refining

Wastes not otherwise specified
Spent catalysts Solid Spent catalysts 16 08 04
Spent fluid catalytic cracking catalysts
Reforming Spent catalysts Solid Platinum, rhenium Collected, recovered and recycled 16 08 01
Spent catalysts containing gold, silver, rhenium ...
Waste coke Solid Carbon 05 01 99
Wastes from petroleum refining

Wastes not otherwise specified
Sulphur removal Spent catalyst Solid Molybdenum, cobalt, nickel, zinc, copper Collected, recovered and recycled 16 08 02*
Spent catalysts containing hazardous transition metals or transition metal compounds
ADIP solution Liquid Di-isopropylmaine, water 05 01 16*
Sulphur-containing wastes from petroleum desulphurisation
Cooling towers Cooling water Liquid Water, biocides Recycled, overflow discharge to stormwater 05 01 14*
Wastes from cooling columns
Hydrogen manufacture Sulfinol absorption solution Liquid Di-isopropylamine, sulfolane, water Recycled in process New code – to be confirmed
General operations Refractory waste Solid Used refractory Landfilled 16 11 05*
Linings and refractories from non-metallurgical processes containing hazardous substances

16 11 16
Linings and refractories from non-metallurgical processes other than those specified in 16 11 05*
Insulation material Solid Includes asbestos Landfilled Insulation materials other than those mentioned in 17 06 01* and 17 06 03*

17 06 01*
Insulation materials containing asbestos
Maintenance wastes Solid/ sludge Hydrocarbon Landfilled 05 01 06*
Oily sludges from maintenance operations of the plant or equipment
Effluent treatment sludge Sludge Biomass Landfilled 05 01 09*
Sludges from on-site effluent treatment containing hazardous substances

A6.6 Fertiliser manufacture
ANZSIC Code: C253100

Process Waste stream Type of waste Waste constituent Current management practices
(best management practice
in bold) 		New Zealand Waste List entry
(* waste should be treated as hazardous)
Void tower scrubber operations Scrubber effluent Liquid Fluoride and some acid gas in solution (SO2 and SiF4), sea water Recycled for acid dilution and granulation 06 01 01
Sulphurous acid

06 01 06
Other acids
Polishing void scrubber and hygiene vent Discharged to harbour via settling pond together with remaining sea water from acid plant cooling and any stormwater

Discharged to harbour together with other site effluent (primarily boiling and cooling tower blowdown)
Three stage venturi scrubber operations Scrubber effluent Liquid Fluoride and some acid gas in solution (SO2 and SiF4), sea water Recycled for acid dilution and granulation

Some sold for water supply fluoridation 		06 01 01
Sulphurous acid

06 01 06
Other acids
Venturi scrubber cleaning and spillage Discharged to a stream after neutralisation with lime, together with other effluent and any stormwater in compliance with a resource consent

A6.7 Cleaner production case studies

By looking at the ‘big picture’, businesses can assess areas in their operation where they can minimise or manage waste. This is called Cleaner Production and means:

  • “avoiding or reducing the amount of waste produced;
  • using energy and resources efficiently;
  • producing environmentally sound products and services;
  • achieving less waste, lower costs and higher profits.” (Source: www.arc.govt.nz)

The aim of Cleaner Production is to reduce the adverse impacts of production and service activities on the environment. Implementing Cleaner Production practices has many benefits. These include consistent and significant reductions in energy and water consumption, waste disposal, emissions and associated costs including trade waste discharge costs and landfill charges. Many of these improvements result from simple "good housekeeping" changes or implementing ideas from workers themselves. Often, once Cleaner Production has been achieved in one area of the business, it becomes easier to see other areas in which it can be achieved.

A number of New Zealand companies have been involved in a series of projects that demonstrate the benefits of Cleaner Production. These businesses have received considerable support and assistance from BusinessCare and Christchurch City Council’s Target Zero team. Some of the examples of Cleaner Production initiatives are included in this section. As the New Zealand case studies do not cover the entire range of businesses researched for this report, some of the included examples are from Australia. Where this is the case, it is important to remember that the costs and savings identified are in $AUS.

This section is intended to show what can be done by businesses and does not in any way suggest in any way that this is what the Ministry for the Environment thinks should be done. The businesses shown in the case studies may not carry out the exact processes outlined in the tables above, however they are in the same type of industry. A list of websites containing further information on Cleaner Production case studies is shown in the Bibliography.

A6.7a Electroplating

Metal Protection Ltd

Electroplating business employing 23 staff and specialising in bright zinc plating, gold passivating and related finishes.

Projects implemented
  • Dissolved air flotation wastewater treatment- allowed ability to:
    • treat wastewaters containing chrome, reducing chrome to trivalent state
    • chlorinate cyanides to form carbonates and free nitrogens
    • separate metal precipitates from cleaner liquids.
  • Recycling of chemicals using atmospheric evaporator allows reuse of metals from rinsing baths, rather than having them discharged to trade waste.
Economic benefits
  • Total cost – $180,000
    • wastewater treatment $150,000
    • atmospheric evaporator $50,000.
  • Total savings:
    • wastewater treatment $30,000 pa
    • atmospheric evaporator $45,000 pa.
  • Payback period:
    • wastewater treatment – six years
    • atmospheric evaporator – 18 months.
Other benefits
  • Improved trade waste quality.
  • Compliance with trade waste consents for chromium and cyanide.
  • Recovery of valuable chemicals from the rinsing tank.
  • Reduced wastewater quantities and discharge costs.
  • Reduced disposal costs for sludge.
Constraints
  • None identified.

For the full article see: www.businesscare.org.nz/material/caseStudies/c2764_4.html

Protectakote Pty Ltd (Australia)

A small metal plating and powder coating firm.

Projects implemented
  • Reuse of treated effluent in rinsing baths – effluent discharged to central pit where pH adjusted, then pumped to gravity fed settling tanks before recycled into rinse washes.
Economic benefits
  • Total cost: $12,600.
  • Total savings: $19, 600 pa
    • reduced water use – $3100 pa
    • reduced labour for sludge management – $15,000 pa
    • consumables (filter bags) – $1500.
  • Payback period: nine months.
Other benefits
  • Reduction in mains water use (18.1 KL/day down to 8 KL/day).
  • Compliance with trade waste requirements.
Constraints
  • High zinc concentrations in the final effluent. Fixed by re-routing overflow of zinc casting barrel-cleaning line to settling ponds to allow zinc to precipitate.

For the full article see: www.ea.gov.au/industry/corporate/eecp/case-studies/protect.html

A6.7b Fertiliser manufacturing

Ravensdown Fertiliser Co-op

Manufacturers of phosphate fertilisers for New Zealand’s agricultural industry.

Projects implemented
  • Minimising waste lithium grease – a thick metal plate added to suction pump created extra suction and the grease remaining in drum has been reduced from 12.3 kg to 2.85 kg, i.e. the waste has been reduced from 22 percent to 4.5 percent. This means that the drum could also be returned for a refund.
  • Recycling acid plant wastewater – storage of acid wastewater could be reused as make-up water for scrubber reducing the need to use fresh bore water. Eliminating sunlight from the storage tanks significantly reduced the need for water treatment chemicals to treat algae.
Economic benefits
  • Lithium grease
    • total cost: $65
    • total savings: $1180/annum
    • payback period: three weeks.
  • Recycling acid water
    • total cost: $185,000
    • total savings: $11,400
    • payback period: several years.
Other benefits
  • Reduction in waste from recycled drums.
  • Elimination of undesirable discharged.
  • Reduced bore water consumption.
  • Reduced chemical use.
Constraints
  • None identified.

For the full article see: www.businesscare.org.nz/material/caseStudies/c253_1.html

A6.7c Aluminium production

Comalco Aluminium (Bell Bay) Ltd (Australia)

Produces 150,000 tonnes of aluminium per annum.

Projects implemented
  • Dry scrubbing system installed in the plant to remove hydrogen fluoride.
Economic benefits
  • Total cost: $44 million.
  • Total savings: $11 million per annum.
  • Payback period: four years.
Other benefits
  • 70 percent overall reduction in site fluoride emissions.
  • 70 percent reduction in site water consumption.
  • Substantial reduction in chemical usage.
  • Negligible particulate emissions.
  • Reduced discharge of water into the Tamar River.
  • Cleaner working environment.
Constraints:
  • No significant barriers encountered.

For the full article see: www.ea.gov.au/industry/corporate/eecp/case-studies/comalco.html

A6.7d Petroleum refining

ICI Olefines (Australia)

The ICI Olefines plant at Botany, New South Wales, produces hydrocarbons that are primarily used in the manufacture of plastics. The production capacity of the plant is 250,000 tonnes of ethylene per annum.

Project implemented
  • Recycling wastewater for use in the plant.
  • Changing operating procedures.
  • Reclaiming hydrocarbons into the production process.
  • Installation of an effluent stripping column.
Economic benefits
  • Total cost: not identified.
  • Total savings: $2.4 million in waste disposal.
  • Payback period: not identified.
Other benefits
  • Removes 95 percent of petroleum hydrocarbon from effluent.
  • No need for $4 million wastewater treatment plant with operating costs of $180,000 per annum.
Constraints
  • None identified.

For the full article see: http://www.ea.gov.au/industry/corporate/eecp/case-studies/ici.html

 

[ ]