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Appendix B: Cradle-to-cradle Development

The Hannover Principles, developed by William McDonough for World EXPO 2000, held in Hannover, Germany (McDonough, 1992).

  1. Insist on rights of humanity and nature to co-exist.
  2. Recognise interdependence.
  3. Respect relationships between spirit and matter.
  4. Accept responsibility for the consequences of design.
  5. Create safe objects of long-term value.
  6. Eliminate the concept of waste.
  7. Rely on natural energy flows.
  8. Understand the limitations of design.
  9. Seek constant improvement by the sharing of knowledge.