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Quantification of Air Quality Co–Benefits from Climate Change Mitigation Measures

Executive Summary

1 Introduction

2 Greenhouse Gas Mitigation – General

3 Air Pollution – General

4 Overseas Research

5 Methodology – Air Pollution Health Effects

6 Methodology – Greenhouse Gas Emissions

7 Co-benefits Analysis

8 Discussion

9 Conclusion

References

Acknowledgements

Appendix A: Air Pollution Emissions

Appendix B: Tailpipe Emissions of E10

Appendix C: Tailpipe Emissions of Biodiesel

Appendix D: Thermal Electricity Generation Status

Appendix A: Air Pollution Emissions

An assessment of the amount of PM₁₀ from different sources across the whole of New Zealand was carried out in 1998 (NIWA, 1998). Sources included in the national emission inventory were broken down into the following categories: area based emissions (predominantly domestic home heating, small scale boilers, lawn mowing, off-road vehicles, open burning), transport, industry and natural emissions. The methodology was less complex than the majority of the regional emissions assessments, with estimates based on broader assumptions. For example, emissions from domestic home heating were assessed based on the results from existing inventories (Auckland and Christchurch for the North and South Islands respectively) and scaled based on population for each area.

The transport emissions assessment in the Total Emission Inventory for New Zealand estimates annual PM₁₀ motor vehicle emissions of 197, 694, 317, 71, 146, 225 and 368 t/year for North Shore City, Auckland City, Manukau City, Wellington and Christchurch respectively. Collectively, estimates for the Auckland area (excluding Rodney District and Franklin) total 1,425 t/year or around 3.9 t/day, compared to around two tonnes per day given in the 1996 Auckland Regional Emission Inventory (includes parts of Franklin and Rodney). Results from the national inventory assessment for Wellington (around 0.6 t/day) were relatively low compared to the regional estimates for 1997 of 1.2 tonnes. For Christchurch estimates were a bit closer with around 1 t/day for the 1996 national assessment compared to around 0.8 t/day for the 1996 motor vehicles assessment.

The comparability of the total PM₁₀ emission estimates in the national emission inventory assessments to the regional assessments varies with area. In Wellington estimates of around 2,500 tonnes per year for the national emission inventory compare to around 1,500 tonnes in the Wellington region emission inventory.

In Hamilton annual estimates of around 590 tonnes of PM₁₀ from the regional assessment compare to around 578 in the national emissions inventory. In Taupo, regional assessments indicate around 400 tonnes of PM₁₀ are likely to compare to an estimated 249 tonnes in the national inventory assessment. In Auckland, the regional assessment for 1993 indicates annual emissions for TSP of less than 6,000 tonnes per year. This is similar to the national inventory assessment when the areas of Franklin and Rodney are excluded from the assessment. However, if these areas are included, the national assessment indicates around 9,000 tonnes of PM₁₀ per year. The regional data includes parts of these areas.

For Christchurch, the national emissions inventory estimate of 3,086 tonnes of PM₁₀ per year is greater than around 2000 estimated based on the Christchurch emission inventory 1996 back-cast. A better comparison is observed in Nelson with regional estimates of around 300 tonnes per year compared to 455 in the national emissions inventory.

The methodologies used to calculate these various inventories are different. The national inventory was completed using general information available from statistics, whereas the regional inventories are calculated using more specific tools such as local surveys. However it is not possible to use regional inventories here since (a) they are compiled using different categories in different regions (there is no standard), and (b) not all regions have inventories.

Table A1: Breakdown of PM emissions

Source: Emission Inventories in New Zealand – http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/air/air-quality-tech-report-38-aug03/html/page5.html.

Table A2: Comparison of PM₁₀ emissions estimates for different regions of New Zealand

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