Table 6.1: Summary of types and methods of coastal monitoring, with possible alternative sources of that information and a relative rating of cost
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| Hazard or Driver | Method | Possible alternative source of information | Relative cost |
|---|---|---|---|
| Coastal hazards | Local observer programme e.g., post-storm erosion and inundation impacts, photos from same spot on a regular basis and after storms | * | |
| Coastal erosion or monitoring response options | Beach/backshore/dune/cliff profile surveys (Emery poles/tape, total station, GPS, RTK) | RCs, coastal consultants | ** |
| Shoreline traverses (GPS, total station), defined by vegetation, cliff edge or toe, or MHWS mark. | RCs, coastal consultants, LINZ | ** | |
| Differences in aerial photos (historic rectified verticals) | Aerial mapping companies | ** | |
| Aerial surveys to derive coastal/beach topography (photogrammetry or LiDAR) | RCs, aerial mapping and laser scanning companies | *** | |
| Nearshore bathymetry surveys (echo-sounder or sea-sled) | RCs, LINZ, NIWA | ** | |
| Remote video or digital camera monitoring of beach volumes, offshore bar movements and rips | RCs, NIWA | ** | |
| Sediment budgets | Requires detailed monitoring of inputs from rivers, cliff erosion, shell production, wind blow, offshore sea-bed supply, plus sinks (offshore, extraction, groynes, breakwaters) | Coastal consultants | *** |
| Winds (storms) | Automatic weather stations | NIWA Climate Database | * |
| Waves | 20-yr wave climate, wave buoys | Some RCs, NIWA | *** |
| Sea level and tides | Sea-level gauges | NIWA, port companies., LINZ | ** |
Note: Relative cost rating for monitoring is: * = minor cost; ** = moderate cost; *** = major cost.
Abbreviations are: RCs = Regional Councils, LINZ = Land Information NZ
