Figure 2-1: Natural causes and hazard drivers for coastal inundation and coastal erosion hazards, together with those drivers likely to be affected by climate change (marked with a sun symbol).
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Note: ENSO= El Niño-Southern Oscillation cycle; IPO= Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation.
Text description of figure
Natural causes of coastal inundation and coastal erosion hazards include:
- Earth slides and earthquakes (e.g., tsunami)
- Sea level (which can vary with season as well as El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Interdecadal Pacific Oscillation indexes)
- Tides
- Wind and pressure generated by storms, and
- Rainfall and runoff from storms Sea level and all storm types are likely to be affected by climate change.
Hazard causes influence hazard drivers, including tsunamis, sea level change, storm tides, currents, waves and swells, and sediment supply. In turn, some of these drivers interact, so that sea-level change influences tsunamis and storm tides, and storm tides affect currents which in turn can affect waves and swells, which can affect sediment supply, leading to a coastal erosion hazard.
